A Facile Graphene Conductive Polymer Paper Based Biosensor for Dopamine, TNF-α, and IL-6 Detection

TY - JOUR

T1 - A Facile Graphene Conductive Polymer Paper Based Biosensor for Dopamine, TNF-α, and IL-6 Detection

AU - Rahman, Md Ashiqur

AU - Pal, Ramendra Kishor

AU - Islam, Nazmul

AU - Freeman, Robert

AU - Berthiaume, Francois

AU - Mazzeo, Aaron

AU - Ashraf, Ali

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.

PY - 2023/10

Y1 - 2023/10

N2 - Paper-based biosensors are a potential paradigm of sensitivity achieved via microporous spreading/microfluidics, simplicity, and affordability. In this paper, we develop decorated paper with graphene and conductive polymer (herein referred to as graphene conductive polymer paper-based sensor or GCPPS) for sensitive detection of biomolecules. Planetary mixing resulted in uniformly dispersed graphene and conductive polymer ink, which was applied to laser-cut Whatman filter paper substrates. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed strong attachment of conductive polymer-functionalized graphene to cellulose fibers. The GCPPS detected dopamine and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the ranges of 12.5–400 µM, 0.005–50 ng/mL, and 2 pg/mL–2 µg/mL, respectively, using a minute sample volume of 2 µL. The electrodes showed lower detection limits (LODs) of 3.4 µM, 5.97 pg/mL, and 9.55 pg/mL for dopamine, TNF-α, and IL-6 respectively, which are promising for rapid and easy analysis for biomarkers detection. Additionally, these paper-based biosensors were highly selective (no serpin A1 detection with IL-6 antibody) and were able to detect IL-6 antigen in human serum with high sensitivity and hence, the portable, adaptable, point-of-care, quick, minute sample requirement offered by our fabricated biosensor is advantageous to healthcare applications.

AB - Paper-based biosensors are a potential paradigm of sensitivity achieved via microporous spreading/microfluidics, simplicity, and affordability. In this paper, we develop decorated paper with graphene and conductive polymer (herein referred to as graphene conductive polymer paper-based sensor or GCPPS) for sensitive detection of biomolecules. Planetary mixing resulted in uniformly dispersed graphene and conductive polymer ink, which was applied to laser-cut Whatman filter paper substrates. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed strong attachment of conductive polymer-functionalized graphene to cellulose fibers. The GCPPS detected dopamine and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the ranges of 12.5–400 µM, 0.005–50 ng/mL, and 2 pg/mL–2 µg/mL, respectively, using a minute sample volume of 2 µL. The electrodes showed lower detection limits (LODs) of 3.4 µM, 5.97 pg/mL, and 9.55 pg/mL for dopamine, TNF-α, and IL-6 respectively, which are promising for rapid and easy analysis for biomarkers detection. Additionally, these paper-based biosensors were highly selective (no serpin A1 detection with IL-6 antibody) and were able to detect IL-6 antigen in human serum with high sensitivity and hence, the portable, adaptable, point-of-care, quick, minute sample requirement offered by our fabricated biosensor is advantageous to healthcare applications.

KW - cancer detection

KW - conductive polymers

KW - dopamine detection

KW - graphene

KW - paper-based biosensor

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85174035126&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85174035126&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3390/s23198115

DO - 10.3390/s23198115

M3 - Article

C2 - 37836943

SN - 1424-8220

VL - 23

JO - Sensors

JF - Sensors

IS - 19

M1 - 8115

ER -