TY - JOUR
T1 - Central regions of barred galaxies
T2 - Two-dimensional non-self-gravitating hydrodynamic simulations
AU - Kim, Woong Tae
AU - Seo, Woo Young
AU - Stone, James McLellan
AU - Yoon, Doosoo
AU - Teuben, Peter J.
PY - 2012/3/1
Y1 - 2012/3/1
N2 - The inner regions of barred galaxies contain substructures such as off-axis shocks, nuclear rings, and nuclear spirals. These substructures may affect star formation, and control the activity of a central black hole (BH) by determining the mass inflow rate. We investigate the formation and properties of such substructures using high-resolution, grid-based hydrodynamic simulations. The gaseous medium is assumed to be infinitesimally thin, isothermal, and non-self-gravitating. The stars and dark matter are represented by a static gravitational potential with four components: a stellar disk, a bulge, a central BH, and a bar. To investigate various galactic environments, we vary the gas sound speed, cs , as well as the mass of the central BH, M BH. Once the flow has reached a quasi-steady state, off-axis shocks tend to move closer to the bar major axis as cs increases. Nuclear rings shrink in size with increasing cs , but are independent of M BH, suggesting that the ring position is not determined by the Lindblad resonances. Rings in low-cs models are narrow since they are occupied largely by gas on x 2-orbits and well decoupled from nuclear spirals, while they become broad because of large thermal perturbations in high-cs models. Nuclear spirals persist only when either c s is small or M BH is large; they would otherwise be destroyed completely by the ring material on eccentric orbits. The shape and strength of nuclear spirals depend sensitively on cs and M BH such that they are leading if both cs and M BH are small, weak trailing if cs is small and M BH is large, and strong trailing if both cs and M BH are large. While the mass inflow rate toward the nucleus is quite small in low-cs models because of the presence of a narrow nuclear ring, it becomes larger than 0.01 M · yr-1 when cs is large, providing a potential explanation of nuclear activity in Seyfert galaxies.
AB - The inner regions of barred galaxies contain substructures such as off-axis shocks, nuclear rings, and nuclear spirals. These substructures may affect star formation, and control the activity of a central black hole (BH) by determining the mass inflow rate. We investigate the formation and properties of such substructures using high-resolution, grid-based hydrodynamic simulations. The gaseous medium is assumed to be infinitesimally thin, isothermal, and non-self-gravitating. The stars and dark matter are represented by a static gravitational potential with four components: a stellar disk, a bulge, a central BH, and a bar. To investigate various galactic environments, we vary the gas sound speed, cs , as well as the mass of the central BH, M BH. Once the flow has reached a quasi-steady state, off-axis shocks tend to move closer to the bar major axis as cs increases. Nuclear rings shrink in size with increasing cs , but are independent of M BH, suggesting that the ring position is not determined by the Lindblad resonances. Rings in low-cs models are narrow since they are occupied largely by gas on x 2-orbits and well decoupled from nuclear spirals, while they become broad because of large thermal perturbations in high-cs models. Nuclear spirals persist only when either c s is small or M BH is large; they would otherwise be destroyed completely by the ring material on eccentric orbits. The shape and strength of nuclear spirals depend sensitively on cs and M BH such that they are leading if both cs and M BH are small, weak trailing if cs is small and M BH is large, and strong trailing if both cs and M BH are large. While the mass inflow rate toward the nucleus is quite small in low-cs models because of the presence of a narrow nuclear ring, it becomes larger than 0.01 M · yr-1 when cs is large, providing a potential explanation of nuclear activity in Seyfert galaxies.
KW - ISM: general
KW - galaxies: ISM
KW - galaxies: kinematics and dynamics
KW - galaxies: nuclei
KW - galaxies: spiral
KW - hydrodynamics
KW - shock waves
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U2 - https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/747/1/60
DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/747/1/60
M3 - Article
SN - 0004-637X
VL - 747
JO - Astrophysical Journal
JF - Astrophysical Journal
IS - 1
M1 - 60
ER -