Abstract
Are there disparities in children's memory for gender-neutral pronouns compared with gendered pronouns? We explored this question in two preregistered studies with 4- to 10-year-old children (N = 168; 79 boys, 89 girls, 0 gender-diverse). Participants were presented with a memory task. An experimenter read an illustrated story about a target character. Participants were asked to verbally repeat the story to measure spontaneous pronoun use and then to explicitly recall the characters’ pronouns. In Study 1 the story characters had typically feminine or typically masculine appearances (determined by independent raters), whereas in Study 2 the characters had gender-neutral appearances. In both studies, targets were referred to with gendered or gender-neutral pronouns. In both studies, children more accurately recalled gendered pronouns than gender-neutral pronouns. However, on most tasks, children only used “they” if a character had gender-neutral pronouns, and almost never used “they” if a character had gendered pronouns. We also found some evidence suggesting that older children more accurately recall gender-neutral pronouns compared with younger children.
Original language | American English |
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Article number | 105589 |
Journal | Journal of Experimental Child Psychology |
Volume | 227 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Mar 2023 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Experimental and Cognitive Psychology
- Developmental and Educational Psychology
Keywords
- Gender
- Gender inclusive language
- Gender-neutral pronouns
- Language development
- Nonbinary inclusive language
- Pronouns
- Social cognitive development