Emotional Distress in Incarcerated Populations: Factor Structure of the Spanish Version of the DASS-21

  • Francisco Caravaca-Sánchez
  • , Eva Aizpurua
  • , Nancy Wolff
  • , Jorge J. Ricarte

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) is widely used to identify common mental disorders among adults and has demonstrated strong validity in clinical populations, correlating strongly with established diagnostic tools. It offers a practical alternative to comprehensive assessments like the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), particularly for rapid screening. Despite its widespread use, no prior research has examined the factor structure or predictive validity of the DASS-21 in incarcerated populations. This study analyzed responses from 1,325 incarcerated individuals across six Spanish prisons. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) supported a bifactor structure with a general psychological distress factor and specific depression, anxiety, and stress factors. Factor loadings indicated a dominant general distress component, with some specificity for individual subscales. These findings support the DASS-21 as a valid and robust measure of psychological distress in prison populations, highlighting its utility for mental health screening in correctional settings.

Original languageAmerican English
Pages (from-to)82-100
Number of pages19
JournalCriminal Justice and Behavior
Volume53
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 2026
Externally publishedYes

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Pathology and Forensic Medicine
  • General Psychology
  • Law

Keywords

  • DASS-21
  • incarcerated populations
  • measurement
  • psychological assessment
  • psychological distress
  • validity

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